The American Dream Essays (1746 words) - , Term Papers

The American Dream The American Dream It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that the American Dream can best be clarified as a ciity upon a slope. Ciity upon a slope meaning being above and better over those underneath. The Civil War, the imperialistic race of the nineteenth century, the Korean War, the KKK, and the Gulf War are all instances of the American Dream of predominance having an influence in American History. Every American has an alternate thought of this predominance, however in any case endeavor to accomplish it, whatever it might be in. The Civil War which split the United States, was a conflict of two parts of moving toward the American Dream in a youthful America. The two sides felt their thought's and methods of reasoning were better than those of the contradicting side and accordingly would profit the nation more and make it unrivaled. Both North and South needed to better the nation to have it accomplish the American Dream. Shockingly, each side had an alternate point of view on instructions to move toward it. Subjection was a significant issue, the North against, the South genius. The contradiction on subjugation lead to trouble in the issue of Westbound development. Both consented to it, yet whether to concede them as free or then again slave states was the place the split happened. The trade off of 1850 expressed that California enters free, and New Mexico and Utah settled on their own which is giving them more state rights in which the South vigorously upheld. This trade off didn't fulfill each side completely. The issue of State rights strengthened by the issue of subjection in light of the fact that the Southern states felt they reserved the privilege to settle on their own about Slavery without Government mediation. It appears the Southern states felt that the American dream was out of their span since they felt frail and second rate with the Central government. At the point when the American upset was battled to break from Britain, the Southern States figured they would be treated as sovereign and free. With the State's constrained force, they felt as though the Central government would turn into a government. The Northern States needed the American dream accomplished for the entire nation to be modern, abolitionist subjection, and very federalist. Upon these establishments they wanted to make the U.S a prevalent country on the planet. The South needed to accomplish a similar extreme objective for the U.S yet with agrarian, master subjection, and states sway organizations. These are the contrasts between both sides in accomplishing the American Dream. So as to determine the contention of interests, North and South needed to do battle to demonstrate predominance along these lines demonstrating which side is the ciity upon the slope wherein the losing side would follow. During the hour of Imperialism in the nineteenth century, the U.S needed to extend worldwide and make progress toward the lead in the imperialistic race. In 1871, the U.S and Canada marked the Washington bargain implying that the U.S perceived Canada as an autonomous territory. Any plans to mightily add Canada and to join the North American landmass under the U.S banner had been dismissed. The U.S couldn't extend any further in North America furthermore, needed to take a gander at different pieces of the world for development. At that point, there were numerous different countries hoping to grow its realm, for example, Britain what's more, Germany. Some Southern expansionists considered Cuba to be an intrigue on the grounds that it could have been utilized as a slave an area. Since Northerners were profoundly against subjugation, the arrangement was dropped. After the Civil War, Secretary of State Seward had arranged a settlement to buy the virgin Islands from Denmark, however the senate dismissed this bargain. They were most certainly not bought until 1917. In 1859, the U.S attached the Midway Islands in the South Pacific, and a large portion of the Samoan Islands; the other half having a place with Germany. Hawaii, another Pacific island, had consistently been imperative to the U.S. It filled in as a significant base for exchange with Japan and China. When the U.S attached Hawaii in 1893 after an upset, to legitimize it, the U.S asserted it was a significant vital military decent footing. They additionally asserted that the substandard Hawaiian locals were unequipped for self government, and that it was to their greatest advantage. After the extension of Hawaii, and later the Philippines in 1899, it appeared to be clear the U.S was tenacious in turning into the most remarkable imperialistic country. It is this thought of extension along these lines picking up force and prevalence over different countries that demonstrates the American Dream/Ciity upon a slope being about prevalence. The intrusion of South Korea by North Korea was the chance

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film investigation - Essay Example Investigation A gathering hypothesis was advanced by Schutz (1958). He saw three components of gatherings. The main measurement is the in-out measurement, or consideration, and this is the place the individuals in the gathering are either in the gathering or out of the gathering. The subsequent measurement is the up-down measurement, or control, and this ganders at the individuals from the gathering as indicated by how prevailing, or accommodating, they are to each other. The third measurement is the nearby far measurement, or friendship, and this how close the connection is between the individual individuals (Schutz, 1958). This is the reason for inspecting the film, by looking at how the connections between the individuals from the gathering fit the above definitions, and how the connections were liquid, in that the elements continually changed and the how the gathering was characterized, as indicated by these three measurements, changed alongside it. The primary measurement is the in-out measurement, and this expresses a few people are individuals from a gathering, while others are most certainly not. Initially, there was not a gathering, fundamentally, yet a lot of people who were put together on a Saturday, most without wanting to. In any case, all things considered, there was a holding between the two mainstream children, Andrew and Claire. They were the main two who knew each other, in this way, if there was the chance of having a gathering that comprised of just two individuals, at that point Andrew and Claire were a piece of a gathering and every other person was most certainly not. The film inferred that the two ran in a similar hover in school, as, at a certain point, Andrew inquired as to whether she were heading off to a specific gathering. Thus, at that point, to start with, the â€Å"in† kids were Andrew and Claire, and the â€Å"out† kids were every other person. This step by step changed. The primary sign that perhaps the children were turning into a gathering was when Bender removed the screw from the entryway that was to stay open, and the rule came in to ask who did it. The whole gathering expressed that they didn't have the foggiest idea who did it. This was the start of the arrangement of the gathering, since it was the start of gathering cohesiveness, and the start of the â€Å"us versus them† mindset that saturated all through the film. This was a sort of subject in the film †that the children, regardless of how extraordinary they were from each other, despite everything framed a firm entire when it came to power, would even now cover for each other, regardless of how they felt about the individual individuals from the gathering. The subsequent significant time that the children turned into a gathering, in that all were a piece of the gathering, and there was no one outside the gathering, was the point at which they went out into the corridor to go to Bender’s storage. This was clea rly something that could have pushed every one of them into difficulty, and Andy, in any event, was not in a situation to serve another Saturday confinement, because of the way that he had a meet on the next Saturday, along these lines, in any event for Andy, going out into the corridor was a significant hazard. Apparently different children, except for Allison, who needed to be there, and Bender, who had a progression of other Saturday detainments arranged at any rate, additionally were facing an immense challenge of getting another Saturday confinement. However the children all took a chance with this by going out into the lobby with Bender, notwithstanding the way that none of them were required for the undertaking. That they all decided to do this shows the children were individuals from a gathering, since it shows that they were going to stay together. The going out into th

How to Avoid Scam Contractors and Fake Charities Post-Natural Disaster

How to Avoid Scam Contractors and Fake Charities Post-Natural Disaster How to Avoid Scam Contractors and Fake Charities Post-Natural Disaster How to Avoid Scam Contractors and Fake Charities Post-Natural DisasterBoth victims and those looking to help are at risk of falling prey. Here’s what to look for.As the victims of Hurricane Harvey start returning to their homes to assess the damage and rebuild, it’s time for a sad but necessary conversation.Not only have thousands of these people lost their homes or suffered massive amounts of flood damage, but they are right in the crosshairs for scam artists looking to profit off their misery. Fake contractors, scammy bad credit lenders, and regular petty street criminals will all be looking to take advantage.But theyre not the only ones who have to watch out for con artists and criminals. The same holds true for the millions of other folks nationwide who were horrified by the damage that Harvey wrought and who just want to help. Their eagerness to donate money towards a good cause, unfortunately, makes them a prime target for scams.And with a state of emergency being declared in Florida ahead of Hurricane Irma, these types of hustles aren’t going away anytime soon.Luckily, there are ways to protect yourself from con artists and others looking to take advantage. Here’s some expert advice for how people in both groups can stay one step ahead of the scammers.Disaster Victims: How to Avoid Scam ContractorsJustin Lavelle is the Chief Communications Director of BeenVerified.com, a leading online background check platform. He’s an expert in scam prevention and identity fraud.“In regard to Hurricane Harvey, there will be plenty of work to rebuild and this will bring in many out-of-state companies to help with the work. says Lavelle. “Most may be legit, but there will be plenty of scam artists who will be trying to prey on the weak and vulnerable, so don’t be one of them.”He has two big pieces of advice for avoiding scam contractors:Check credentials: “Anyone claiming to be a contractor should be licensed and bonded and be willing to show you docu ments establishing those claims. Make sure that you follow-up before you give over your money.  If you are not sure, do a background check.”Inspectors and adjusters don’t ask for money: “If your property was damaged, then you are likely to have many people assisting with your claims. Don’t be fooled by imposters. If you are unsure, call the agency or insurance company you are working with and check them out.”Lavelle also advises that scams aren’t the only thing a person has to watch out for:“The over-committed construction company is not as much of a scam as it is a nuisancebut still it is something to look out for. Make sure that the company you hire or work with has the resources to do your job in a timely manner.“Sure, certain delays will happen, but make sure that you are scheduled and your work is to be done timely. This is probably most effective with large established companies that have the personnel and resources for the work they do.“Shy away from a few guys in a truck with out-of-state plates that claim they can rebuild your house in a week.”Lastly, if you want to avoid scam artists, don’t work with anyone who insists on being paid in cash. If you have more questions about how to handle hiring a contractor to fix your homeand also want to see verified customer reviews for different companiescheck out this awesome (and free!)  Restoration Guide from ConsumerAffairs.com.The Four Post-Disaster Home Renovation Scams It’s rare for con-artists to create an entirely new routine. In fact, most of them are all working from the same shopworn playbook.The reason they do it is that these scams work. But it also means that you can more easily identify them.To better help you recognize these warnings signs, Lavelle has helpfully broken down the four basic kinds of scams that con artists run in a post-natural disaster scenario:Scam 1: “I have extra materials!”“A contractor knocks on your door and claims to have extra materials from a job he just completed down the street. Not wanting to take a loss on the supplies, he offers to pave your driveway or patch your roof for a smoking good deal.“As tempting as a good deal is, don’t be fooled.“The con artist “contractor” will start working and then claim to find an issue that makes him raise the price of the job. Then if you object, the contractor might walk away, leaving you with a half-finished project.“Or he or she may also take your money and run.“Another way this situation could go: He paints your driveway with black paint instead of paving it with asphalt. Then you watch it wash away the next time it rains and cry.“How to protect yourself: Never hire a contractor on the spot. Read reviews and make sure they do quality work before making any deals.”Scam 2: “I have a special offer today!”“This home improvement scam usually starts from a newspaper ad or mailer that advertises a home service for a ridiculously low price. After you call and re quest services, they’ll quote you for a slew of “problems” your house has.“Worried that they need to get these fixes done, unsuspecting homeowners empty their pockets and the contractor leaves without finishing or doing any work at all.“How to protect yourself: Confirm that the contractor’s business is legal, licensed and registered. Request to see a business license and proof of insurance.”Scam 3: “I’ll need the money upfront…”“A conning contractor will tell you that he’ll need a percentage of the project cost upfront. He might tell you the reason is that he needs to order materials or rent supplies.“But once you pay him, he’ll disappear. Or he’ll do a poor job, thinking you can’t fire him because you’ve already paid him hundreds, or thousands.“How to protect yourself: Down payments are a standard practice, but should never be unreasonable. Check the rules in your state regarding down payment limits. Some states limit down payments to 10 percen t of the project price or $1,000, whichever is less.“Also, before hiring any one contractor, get at least three different estimates.”Scam 4: “Take my word for it.”“While talking with your contractor about the repairs you’d like made, you add in a couple ideas. He gets excited about the ideas and even makes his own suggestions.“You don’t put these ideas into your contract agreement because you think you had such a clear verbal understanding.“Then you’re surprised when the contractor says those upgrades weren’t included in the price â€" and that you’ll have to fork over more money for them.“How to protect yourself: Always get everything in writing. A legal contract is your safety net, should any issues arise. Be sure to review every detail before signing.  If you are not comfortable, ask an attorney to review it before you sign. It’s a worthwhile investment to avoid problems on the back end.”Non-Victims: How to Avoid Fake CharitiesAccording to Robert Sic iliano, CEO of IDTheftSecurity.com, “Internet criminals follow a similar editorial calendar as newspaper and magazine editors, coordinating their attacks around holidays, and the change in seasons. They further capitalize on significant events and natural disasters.”“Right now,” says Siciliano, “there are 24-hour news reports focusing on the tragedy and people are understandably getting sucked into the drama of the events.“This is a prime time to reach out to those same people who are enmeshed in the reports and get them to donate to fake organizations.”Here are Siciliano’s tips for avoiding scammers and making sure that your donation gets into the right hands:Do not donate cash: “Anyone asking to come to your home or office and pick up cash is a scammer. Any phone calls or emails received requesting cash or to wire money transfers is a scam.”Be suspect of all emails requesting donations: “I would never click on a link in an email, especially short urls. Always manually enter the domain name into the address bar. The best thing is to go directly to the organizations website.”Read more about protecting yourself from scam emails in our post Don’t Let a Phishing Scam Lead to Bad Credit!Check with the Better Business Bureau: The first thing you should always do prior to making a donation to any charity is to check their credibility with the Better Business Bureau. Go online to the BBB’s charity tracker, Give.org, and search out the charity.”Give only to charities, not individuals: “Any communication from someone requesting money because of their hardship is an obvious scam. But some people are saps for an emotional sob story. While you may be savvy enough not to fall for these scams, someone in your life who may be naïve could.”Give soon and consider the Red Cross: “The American Red Cross is the most known and credible organization on the planet for helping out those in despair. Give now and give as much as you can.Additionally , Siciliano advises that you refrain from giving out credit card numbers via to an unsolicited email and never give out your PIN or account numbers “to anyone for any reason.”Don’t let scammers make a bad situation worse. Just follow these steps and you can leave them in the dust.Have you encountered a Hurricane Harvey-related scam artist? Please let us know so that we can help get the word out. You can email us by clicking here or you can find us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsJustin Lavelle  is a Scams Prevention Expert and the Chief Communications Officer of BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified). BeenVerified is a leading source of online background checks and contact information. It helps people discover, understand and use public data in their everyday lives and can provide peace of mind by offering a fast, easy and affordable way to do background checks on potential dates. BeenVerified allows individuals to find mo re information about people, phone numbers, email addresses and property records.Robert Siciliano  (@RobertSiciliano) is a #1 Best-Selling Author and CEO of  IDTheftSecurity.com  which is funny, but serious about teaching you and your audience fraud prevention and personal security. Robert is a United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla Staff Officer of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security whose motto is Semper Paratus. His programs are cutting edge, easily digestible and provide best practices to keep you, your clients and employees safe and secure. Your audience will walk away as experts in identity theft prevention, online reputation management, online privacy and data security.

Proconsul Facts and Figures

Name: Proconsul (Greek for before Consul, a well-known circus ape); pronounced pro-CON-sul Habitat: Jungles of Africa Historical Epoch: Early Miocene (23-17 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 3-5 feet long and 25-100 pounds Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Monkey-like posture; flexible hands and feet; lack of tail About Proconsul As far as paleontologists can tell, Proconsul marks the time in primate evolution when the old world monkeys and apes diverged from a common ancestor — which means, in laymans terms, that Proconsul may (or may not) have been the first true ape. In fact, this ancient primate combined various characteristics of monkeys and apes; its hands and feet were more flexible than those of contemporary monkeys, but it still walked in a monkey-like way, on all fours and parallel to the ground. Perhaps most tellingly, the various species of Proconsul (which ranged from a smallish 30 pounds or so to a largish 100) lacked tails, a distinctly ape-like trait. If Proconsul was, in fact, an ape, that would make it distantly ancestral to humans, and perhaps even a true hominid, though its brain size indicates that it wasnt much smarter than the average monkey. However it winds up being classified, Proconsul holds a special place in hominid paleontology. When its remains were first discovered, back in 1909, Proconsul was not only the oldest ape yet identified, but the first prehistoric mammal ever to be unearthed in sub-Saharan Africa. The name Proconsul is a story in itself: this early Miocene primate wasnt named after the revered proconsuls (provincial governors) of ancient Rome, but after a pair of popular circus chimpanzees, both named Consul, one of which performed in England and the other in France. Before Consul, as the Greek name translates, may not seem very dignified for such a remote human ancestor, but thats the moniker that has stuck! Many people mistakenly believe that Proconsul was one of the immediate predecessors of Homo sapiens. In fact, though, this ancient primate lived during the Miocene epoch, from about 23 to 17 million years ago, at least 15 million years before the first recognizable human ancestors (like Australopithecus and Paranthropus) evolved in Africa. Its not even a sure thing that Proconsul spawned the line of hominids that led to modern humans; this primate may have belonged to a sister taxon, which would make it more of a great-great-great uncle a thousand times removed.

The Success of the Bolsheviks in Gaining Power in Russia...

The Success of the Bolsheviks in Gaining Power in Russia by 1922 In February 1917, the Bolshevik party was small and irrelevant. The leadership was abroad and there was little consistency of purpose among the party in Russia. However, by the summer of 1922, the Bolsheviks had become the dominant force, and a new communist state had emerged from their success. The purpose of this essay is to explain this transformation. The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of the Romanov dynasty threw Russia into a state of turmoil. The elites had withdrawn their support for the Tsar after a series of disastrous defeats in the war and continued social and economic problems. In the wake of the†¦show more content†¦Despite the financial considerations, the Provisional Government felt obliged to continue the war out of a sense of loyalty to Britain and France. In addition, they were reluctant to leave the war without salvaging some prestige and pride from the current situation. They were still hopeful of an allied victory. However, the decision to continue with the war was to prove extremely unfortunate. It was unpopular, as there appeared to be few aims to the continued fighting. The government quickly lost the support of a large proportion of the troops. These disillusioned peasants in uniform provided excellent targets for Bolshevik propaganda. What is more, the Russian situation in the wa r worsened and humiliating defeat began to loom large on the horizon. Russia was a poverty stricken, backward power in 1917. It also had a majority peasant population. The continuation of the war meant that the key issues of peace, bread and land that Lenin so aptly highlighted could not be addressed. Reforms and visible improvement in the peasant way of life were vital if the government wished to gain their support and maintain its power. However, revolutionary forces, suppressed under Tsarist Russia came to the surface under the new, weaker and less repressive Provisional Government to create a body known as the Soviet. This body created aShow MoreRelatedThe Russian Revolution s Influence On Joseph Stalin1436 Words   |  6 Pageson Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin greatly influenced Russia and the international community in the years 1924 through 1932. His rise to this power can be explained by the Russian Revolutionary experience that allowed him to gain influence in Russia. Although historians often refer to Stalin as a ruthless, mindless dictator, he redirected the Russian Revolution to later present economic development and opportunity. Stalin’s vital purpose in Russia during the Revolution catalyzed the powerful leaderRead MoreStalins Position as General Secretary Was the Main Reason for His Success in Defeating His Rivals in the Years 1924-29. 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Lack of Sleep Free Essays

A) Main point one: The long term effect of lack of sleep is bad judgment and Forgetfulness. 1) Subpoint 1 : Bad judgment is caused by lack of sleep. i. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack of Sleep or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sub-sub point * Science daily (Mar , 2 ,2007)-research has shown that bad sleep can adversely affect a person’s physical health and emotional well-being. However, the amount of sleep one gets can also influence his or her decision-making. A study published in the March 1st issue of the journal SLEEP finds that sleep deprivation impairs the ability to integrate emotion and cognition to guide moral judgments. * The lack of sleep a person will tend to be quick to get upset, stress depressed, mentally exhausted and less energized throughout the day. * This will in turn lead to interpersonal relationship will be affected 2)Subpoint 2 :Forgetfulness Sub-sub point * Lack of sleep also alter our production of hormones involved in the process of thinking and remember something. Therefore when we lack of sleep we will be a quick forget. Forgetful is persistent failure to remember a piece of information and it is difficult to learn a new things. * Forgetfulness nature not only among the elderly, but also between a young people under thirty years due to the lack of sleep. B. Main Point Two: The long term effect of lack of sleep is weight gain and obesity. Subpoint 1 :lack of sleep may lead to obesity, according to a Harvard study. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a trial of 21 men and women observed in a sleep laboratory ,those who allowed to sleep only 5. hours of sleep in a 24 hours period over 3 weeks had a slow metabolism and a reduction in insulin production, those changes can lead to weight gain and increase blood sugar according to research published in the Journal Science Translation Medicine. Subpoint 2:Mechanism that involved in explaining the connection between sleep and obesity. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * mechanism involved in regulating metab olism and appetite are beginning to explain the connection between sleep and obesity. During sleep our body will secrete hormones that help to control appetite ,energy metabolism and glucose processing. Obtaining too little sleep upsets the balance of those and others hormones. C. Main point Three:Depression is an effect that is caused by lack of sleep. Subpoint 1 :Depression is caused by lack of sleep. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a  study of 18,980 people in Europe conducted by Stanford researcher  Maurice Ohayon, MD, PhD, people with depression were found to be five times more likely to suffer from sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep problems develop depression may indicate that sleep disorders and depression have similar causes or risk factors. * Research shows that children with depression who experience a lack of sleep or who sleep too much are more likely to have longer and more severe episodes of depression. 2. Subpoint 2:Depression can affect our health. I. Sub-sub point * When sleep is disrupted or inadequate, it can lead to increased tension, vigilan ce, and irritability. Physical or emotional trauma and metabolic or other medical problems can trigger sleep disturbances. Poor sleep can lead to fatigue. Eventually, you find yourself in a vicious cycle of inactivity and disturbed sleep, which causes both physical and mood-related symptoms. II. Sub-sub point/elaboration * Patients may suffer from a range of insomnia symptoms, including difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, unrefreshing sleep, and daytime sleepiness. * People with insomnia have a 10-fold higher risk of developing depression shows by research. * Depression affects all types of people from all over the world. For older adults, higher rates of depression and sleep problems may be explained in part by higher rates of physical illness. Among women, motherhood and hormonal changes throughout the life cycle (menstruation, menopause) may contribute to higher rates of depression. iii-Conclusion A. Brakelight As a conclusion, B. Summary if you are struggling with sleeping disorder, you should start searching help from the doctors because as you can see the effects of lack of sleep such as depression, gain of weight, and poor memory obviously will affect your life. If you keep thinking that sleeping disorder is not even matter to you, now you already knew the consequences caused by it. C. Tie Back to Audience It is much more important to us as a student to have enough sleep to keep us active all day. Try to imagine if you do not get your 8 hours sleeping time per day, what will happen when you wake up the next morning and go to the class? You will have a weak body and cannot give your full concentration in the lecture hall. This problem will lead to the dropping of your performance in university. All students never want it to happen to themselves. Thus, you should take an action immediately if you struggling with sleeping disorder to improve your lifestyle and hopefully will be helpful to maintain the good performance in your studies. Reference: 1. Chris , I. M. (2012, September 14). Depression and sleep: Getting the right amount. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from : http://www. everydayhealth. com/health-report/major-depression/depression-and-sleep-the-right-amount. aspx 2. Joseph, G. (2012, July 24). Sleep and depression. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from: http://www. webmd. com/depression/guide/depression-sleep-disorder 3. Hannah , T. 2011, January 27). Can a lack of sleep cause depression? Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from: http://www. marieclaire. co. uk/news/health/514265/can-a-lack-of-sleep-cause-depression. html 4. Ostrow , N. (2012, April 12). Lack of sleep. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from: http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-04-11/lack-of-sleep-may-lead-to-obesity- harvard-study-suggests. html 5. Ann, D. (2012, March 20). Lack of sleep-weight gain. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from: http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/lack-of-sleep-weight-gain 6. University Of Chicago Medical Center (1999,October 25). Lack Of Sleep Alters Hormones , Metabolism ,Simulates Effects Of Aging , ScienceDaily. Retrieved on November 16, 2012 ,from : http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/1999/10/991025075844. htm 7. Camille Peri (2012 , September 14). 10 Things To Have About Sleep Loss. Retrieved on 16 September 2010 , from : http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/10-results-sleep- 8. Karen Smith ,(2012). Long Term Effect Of A Lack of Sleep . Retrieved on17 September 2012 from:http://www. ehow. com/info_8207538_longterm-effects-lack-sleep. html How to cite Lack of Sleep, Essay examples

Lack of Sleep Free Essays

A) Main point one: The long term effect of lack of sleep is bad judgment and Forgetfulness. 1) Subpoint 1 : Bad judgment is caused by lack of sleep. i. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack of Sleep or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sub-sub point * Science daily (Mar , 2 ,2007)-research has shown that bad sleep can adversely affect a person’s physical health and emotional well-being. However, the amount of sleep one gets can also influence his or her decision-making. A study published in the March 1st issue of the journal SLEEP finds that sleep deprivation impairs the ability to integrate emotion and cognition to guide moral judgments. * The lack of sleep a person will tend to be quick to get upset, stress depressed, mentally exhausted and less energized throughout the day. * This will in turn lead to interpersonal relationship will be affected 2)Subpoint 2 :Forgetfulness Sub-sub point * Lack of sleep also alter our production of hormones involved in the process of thinking and remember something. Therefore when we lack of sleep we will be a quick forget. Forgetful is persistent failure to remember a piece of information and it is difficult to learn a new things. * Forgetfulness nature not only among the elderly, but also between a young people under thirty years due to the lack of sleep. B. Main Point Two: The long term effect of lack of sleep is weight gain and obesity. Subpoint 1 :lack of sleep may lead to obesity, according to a Harvard study. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a trial of 21 men and women observed in a sleep laboratory ,those who allowed to sleep only 5. hours of sleep in a 24 hours period over 3 weeks had a slow metabolism and a reduction in insulin production, those changes can lead to weight gain and increase blood sugar according to research published in the Journal Science Translation Medicine. Subpoint 2:Mechanism that involved in explaining the connection between sleep and obesity. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * mechanism involved in regulating metab olism and appetite are beginning to explain the connection between sleep and obesity. During sleep our body will secrete hormones that help to control appetite ,energy metabolism and glucose processing. Obtaining too little sleep upsets the balance of those and others hormones. C. Main point Three:Depression is an effect that is caused by lack of sleep. Subpoint 1 :Depression is caused by lack of sleep. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a  study of 18,980 people in Europe conducted by Stanford researcher  Maurice Ohayon, MD, PhD, people with depression were found to be five times more likely to suffer from sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep problems develop depression may indicate that sleep disorders and depression have similar causes or risk factors. * Research shows that children with depression who experience a lack of sleep or who sleep too much are more likely to have longer and more severe episodes of depression. 2. Subpoint 2:Depression can affect our health. I. Sub-sub point * When sleep is disrupted or inadequate, it can lead to increased tension, vigilan ce, and irritability. Physical or emotional trauma and metabolic or other medical problems can trigger sleep disturbances. Poor sleep can lead to fatigue. Eventually, you find yourself in a vicious cycle of inactivity and disturbed sleep, which causes both physical and mood-related symptoms. II. Sub-sub point/elaboration * Patients may suffer from a range of insomnia symptoms, including difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, unrefreshing sleep, and daytime sleepiness. * People with insomnia have a 10-fold higher risk of developing depression shows by research. * Depression affects all types of people from all over the world. For older adults, higher rates of depression and sleep problems may be explained in part by higher rates of physical illness. Among women, motherhood and hormonal changes throughout the life cycle (menstruation, menopause) may contribute to higher rates of depression. iii-Conclusion A. Brakelight As a conclusion, B. Summary if you are struggling with sleeping disorder, you should start searching help from the doctors because as you can see the effects of lack of sleep such as depression, gain of weight, and poor memory obviously will affect your life. If you keep thinking that sleeping disorder is not even matter to you, now you already knew the consequences caused by it. C. Tie Back to Audience It is much more important to us as a student to have enough sleep to keep us active all day. Try to imagine if you do not get your 8 hours sleeping time per day, what will happen when you wake up the next morning and go to the class? You will have a weak body and cannot give your full concentration in the lecture hall. This problem will lead to the dropping of your performance in university. All students never want it to happen to themselves. Thus, you should take an action immediately if you struggling with sleeping disorder to improve your lifestyle and hopefully will be helpful to maintain the good performance in your studies. Reference: 1. Chris , I. M. (2012, September 14). Depression and sleep: Getting the right amount. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from : http://www. everydayhealth. com/health-report/major-depression/depression-and-sleep-the-right-amount. aspx 2. Joseph, G. (2012, July 24). Sleep and depression. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from: http://www. webmd. com/depression/guide/depression-sleep-disorder 3. Hannah , T. 2011, January 27). Can a lack of sleep cause depression? Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from: http://www. marieclaire. co. uk/news/health/514265/can-a-lack-of-sleep-cause-depression. html 4. Ostrow , N. (2012, April 12). Lack of sleep. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from: http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-04-11/lack-of-sleep-may-lead-to-obesity- harvard-study-suggests. html 5. Ann, D. (2012, March 20). Lack of sleep-weight gain. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from: http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/lack-of-sleep-weight-gain 6. University Of Chicago Medical Center (1999,October 25). Lack Of Sleep Alters Hormones , Metabolism ,Simulates Effects Of Aging , ScienceDaily. Retrieved on November 16, 2012 ,from : http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/1999/10/991025075844. htm 7. Camille Peri (2012 , September 14). 10 Things To Have About Sleep Loss. Retrieved on 16 September 2010 , from : http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/10-results-sleep- 8. Karen Smith ,(2012). Long Term Effect Of A Lack of Sleep . Retrieved on17 September 2012 from:http://www. ehow. com/info_8207538_longterm-effects-lack-sleep. html How to cite Lack of Sleep, Essay examples

Taoism Applied Essays - Taoism, Chinese Philosophy, Wu Wei, De, Tao

Taoism Applied Taoism applied to everyday life "Practice not-doing and everything will fall into place" (Chapter 3). In Taoism this is the concept known as "wu wei". Wei wu wei is the practice of doing and not-doing. This concept comes from the theory of the Yin and Yang. The Yang, along with wei, is the practice of doing. The Yin, along with wu wei, is the practice of not-doing. One compliments the other, and each cannot exist alone. The Tao tells people to practice not-doing because it will bring happiness in their life. By not-doing, the Tao means not performing actions, which are unnecessary and uncalled for. People should just take things as they come in life and they will live a life full of happiness and pleasure. If you don't interfere with the Tao and let things take their natural course, everything will work out in your life (Chapter 10). "If powerful men and women could remain centered in the Tao...all people would be at peace..." (Chapter 32). If you work against your Tao, you will never find happiness. The Sage practices wu wei. He teaches without words and performs without actions (Chapter 43). He knows and therefore does not speak (Chapter 56). Many people mistake conceptual knowledge for the map to the territory. The Sage is our map to the Tao. He points his finger to show us the way, but does not really tell us what to do and how to practice Taoism. Lao Tzu's concepts of the Tao can be a guide to rational living. If one follows these beliefs he is guaranteed happiness in his life. However, it is very difficult to follow the Tao, even though the teachings are said to be easily understood and easily put into practice (Chapter 70). The reason the Tao is so difficult to grasp is because you cannot know that you are practicing it. The Tao is beyond all words. If you give it words, it does not exist. It is unnamable. If you concentrate on the Tao, you will never understand it. You cannot think about it, you must just do it. This is very difficult because people always think about what they do, but this does not work with the Tao (Chapter 1). You cannot look for the Tao; you cannot listen for the Tao. You must just accept the idea that it is always there, omnipresent, and you can't see it. This is all very important because if one cannot understand these first simple steps in Taoism, they will be lost the rest of the way. In personal life, you should never define yourself. When you define yourself, you are actually putting limits on yourself. If a man defines himself as a doctor, he is limiting himself to science. If a man defines himself as a singer, he is limiting himself to music. By limiting yourself, you are not allowing yourself to experience life fully (Chapter 24). Also, you should never define any object because they will always have an opposite. If you define something as "good" then its opposite is defined as "bad", when in reality it might not be (Chapter 2). When a man is about to buy a car, he will want to buy a company with a "good name". He has defined one car as "good" and the rest are "bad". When he realizes he cannot afford the "good" car he is unhappy. He has to buy a "bad" car. While driving his "bad" car, he thinks about what people will say. He worries that they will not approve of his new purchase. If the man had not originally set such high expectations of buying a "good" car, he would not be upset with his situation. By caring about other people's approval he becomes their "prisoner" (Chapter 9). If you see things as they are, then you will be happy with whatever you have. If you see things through other's eyes then you will never achieve the high goals you are setting. "In family life, be completely present" (Chapter 8). All family members should always be there for each other. You should be completely present for the rest of your family, this way other members can talk to you whenever necessary. This gives a sense of security to the rest of the family. Parents should always be there for their children, children should always be there for their parents, and siblings should always be there for each other. "Because (the Sage) has nothing to prove, people can trust

Education Philosophy Outline Essays

Education Philosophy Outline Essays Education Philosophy Outline Essay Education Philosophy Outline Essay Philosophy of Education Outline I. Introduction a. Ever since I was in elementary school, I wanted to become a teacher. I have had some outstanding teachers in my lifetime and I would love to carry on the legacy. I want to inspire the future generation to make the world a better place. b. Every teacher has their own personal views on teaching, learning, goals, and professional development. c. Teaching is not just a job. Teachers mold their students’ futures every day. I believe it is highly important that each teacher strives to make a difference in each student’s life. II. Teaching d. Tools are a necessary part of learning. I plan to use a variety of tools, including SmartBoard technology, books, videos, props, etc. I believe students learn the best by participating in hands-on activities as opposed to only lectures. e. I believe that a teacher should play many roles, not just one. This includes being the motivator, facilitator, challenger, and supporter. f. The School of Thought I agree with is Democratic. This stresses the process of learning, not just the product. It also promotes outside-the-box thinking. g. My preferred educational philosophy is progressivism. I favor an open classroom where students often work together and learn to deal with social problems as well as material from the curriculum. III. Learning h. Learning is something we do every minute of every day. When someone learns, they are broadening their horizons and gaining new experiences. i. Learning is an adventure and a voyage. j. In my classroom, I plan to incorporate a variety of strategies. This includes discussion, but will also include hands-on activities, group work, and presentations. IV. Teaching Goals k. To incorporate out-of-the-box thinking and new ideas. l. To make sure every student understands the subject matter. m. To be open to change and spontaneity. V. Personal or Professional Development n. To make each student truly feel that they are a vital part of the classroom, and that they have the power to make a difference. o. To be just as passionate about my work and the subjects studied as I expect my students to be. VI. Conclusion p. When I become a teacher, I hope to change the lives of each and every student. q. Making a difference is inspiring our future generation to change the world.

GDP Expenditure Categories

GDP Expenditure Categories Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generally thought of as a measure of an economys aggregate output or income, but, as it turns out, GDP also represents aggregate expenditure on an economys goods and services. Economists divide the spending on an economys goods and services into four components: Consumption, Investment, Government Purchases, and Net Exports. Consumption (C) Consumption, represented by the letter C, is the amount that households (i.e. not businesses or the government) spend on new goods and services. The one exception to this rule is housing since expenditure on new housing is placed in the investment category. This category counts all consumption spending regardless of whether the spending is on domestic or foreign goods and services, and the consumption of foreign goods is corrected for in the net exports category. Investment (I) Investment, represented by the letter I, is the amount that households and businesses spend on items that are used to make more goods and services. The most common form of investment is in capital equipment for businesses, but its important to remember that households purchases of new housing also counts as investment for GDP purposes. Like consumption, investment expenditure can be used to purchase capital and other items from either domestic or foreign producer, and this is corrected for in the net exports category. Inventory is another common investment category for businesses since items that are produced but not sold in a given time period are considered as having been purchased by the company that made them. Therefore, the accumulation of inventory is considered positive investment, and the liquidation of existing inventory is counted as negative investment. Government Purchases (G) In addition to households and businesses, the government can also consume goods and services and invest in capital and other items. These government purchases are represented by the letter G in the expenditure calculation. Its important to keep in mind that only government spending that goes towards producing goods and services is counted in this category, and transfer payments such as welfare and social security are not counted as government purchases for the purposes of GDP, mainly because transfer payments do not directly correspond to any type of production. Net Exports (NX) Net Exports, represented by NX, is simply equal to the amount of exports in an economy (X) minus the number of imports in that economy (IM), where exports are goods and services produced domestically but sold to foreigners and imports are goods and services produced by foreigners but purchased domestically. In other words, NX X - IM. Net exports is an important component of GDP for two reasons. First, items that are produced domestically and sold to foreigners should be counted in GDP, since these exports represent domestic production. Second, imports should be subtracted out from GDP since they represent foreign rather than domestic production but were allowed to sneak into the consumption, investment and government purchases categories. Putting the expenditure components together yields one of the most well-known macroeconomic identities: Y C I G NX In this equation, Y represents real GDP (i.e. domestic output, income, or expenditure on domestic goods and services) and the items on the right-hand side of the equation represent the components of expenditure listed above. In the US, consumption tends to be the largest component of GDP by far, followed by government purchases and then investment. Net exports tend to be negative because  the US typically imports more than it exports.

History of technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of technology - Essay Example A small hand held device with more than thousand songs and videos that can be carried around anywhere in the pocket. An amazing piece of technology devised for all music lovers transcending age barriers. The portable media player has met with huge success in the market in the last 5 years since its launch in 2001. The product has sparked massive interest in the age group of 15-35 initiating a revolution in the music industry. The small palm sized device can store more than thousand songs, videos, and photographs along with movies and television shows that can be downloaded to watch in leisure. Besides these the device is also used to play games, store audio versions of books and free podcasts. The device has in built security options with 20hrs of battery life and 80GB of storage capacity (Levitas and Prete 3). The main brands of these technologies are Apple's I-Pod and Microsoft Zune. Apple comments this innovation as: "It's hard to say exactly which moment it was that we realized the iPod had taken over our entire civilization. But it might have been this one: The day we first heard, last summer, that baseball players were using their iPods to do their pregame video studies - as opposed to, say, their pregame Shakira video studies. What we have here, friends, is one of history's most amazing gizmos ever." [Jan 31, 2007] - Jayson Stark writes for ESPN The first company which sold portable multimedia players was Archos. The product appeared on the market in 2002 year, and since that time was improved by Apple and Microsoft. The data of portable multimedia players are stored at hard-drives, on flesh memory or microdirves. Consumers of almost all ages have shown preference to the portable multimedia players. The new era sees the consumers switching from the conventional CDs to digital music. The product awareness campaigns have registered in the consumer minds when they make the purchase decision. Consumers are not at all hesitant in paying the price for the ipod since they trust the brand. But not all consumers feel the same way - a segment of consumers will also refrain from making the purchase of the portable multimedia players. The reason being they do not want to pay so much to own the portable multimedia player (Field 65). The uniqueness of this device is that it can play digital video and audio files. Many devices have FM tuners or a line out cable. The ipod allows the users to store and watch movies - but the size of the screen does not appeal the consumers much. These are some of the concerns raised by the consumers across. What we need to understand is that when the consumer is willing to pay such a high price for the portable multimedia player their expectations from the product and the company naturally is high too. They expect their portable multimedia player to be the best and long lasting with all the advanced features and more (McCrea 57). Moreover, the consumer is easily bored and is continually looking for more features. A portable multimedia player has so far been highly successful in registering their image in the minds of the masses. But what we need to assess further is our strategy to uphold this image for a long time in future. We need to focus on the following areas to strengthen our market segment: Portable multimedia

Discuss Competitive Strategies Coca Cola Should Adopt to Develop Essay

Discuss Competitive Strategies Coca Cola Should Adopt to Develop Business Expansion in China - Essay Example the Study: Globalization and the increasing competition in the current business world reflect the growth and development of different businesses and their expansion across different countries. The beverage industry is one of the largest industries in the world. The Coca-Cola Company being one of the leading companies in the world’s beverage industry (www.rediff.com), a research on their business strategies would help in an understanding of how leading companies create and maintain their position in their own countries as well as in other countries through expansions. With 126 years in business, the Coca-Cola Company currently has 142,200 worldwide employees, over 3,500 brands, 49 consecutive years in increased dividends and over 200 countries where their beverages sell (www.thecoca-colacompany.com). The company first entered China in the 1920’s with the first bottling plant established in Shanghai, 1927. It soon expanded its bottling operations to Tianjin, 1927 and then Qingdao, 1930. In 1949, the company closed operations in China when the socialist regime rose. Since its reentry in 1979, The Coca-Cola Company has seen tremendous growth, where over the last quarter century, brands of The Coca-Cola Company have become major household names in China. It recently opened its 42nd bottling plant in the country to help further the company’s dominance in the beverage industry within the country (www.thecoca-colacompany.com). China’s beverage industry reflects a huge market, particularly for large companies like the Coca-Cola Company. The company strongly has its operations in China but the growing competitions and other internal and external factors may affect the successful expansion plans of the company (Zhang & Alon, 2011, p.287). The rationale of the study is... The rationale of the study is based on learning and understanding the competitive business strategies of a leading beverage company that may benefit the expansion of the company in the China market. In the modern world of increased globalization, there is a need to learn the theories and concepts followed by large companies. This is to have a view on the strategies necessary to keep up a position of a company in the industry among its competitor companies. This study would focus on the Coca-Cola Company that already has its operations in the China market and would look for further expansions to which the company has the requirement of innovative and competitive strategies that would keep its position above its competitors. The results of this study would prove indispensible to business development managers and the business development team endowed with the responsibility of identifying expansion opportunities. The study would also help other companies who require strategies to expand business elsewhere. The researcher will gain knowledge in formulation of competitive strategies that can be applied in future endeavors. Hence, this study is rational in the context that the competitive business strategies of one of the leading companies could be learnt and the research would enable other companies to use such strategies in creating their competitive advantages while expanding their businesses.

Criminology Essays Merton Anomie Durkheim

Criminology Essays Merton Anomie Durkheim Merton Anomie Durkheim How does Merton’s theory of anomie differ from that of Durkheim? Durkheim usefully conceptualised the phenomenon of anomie, and I consider the context in which this occurred. I look at Durkheims examples of crime and deviance and his discussion of social solidarity to clarify how his terms are understood. I discuss how, for Durkheim, anomie was a product of social change, resulting in loss of social cohesion and I go on to examine why, for Merton, the concept needed reconsideration. I examine Mertons view that society is in constant flux and his distinction between anomie and strain toward anomie, between social structure and individual responses, discussing briefly his five modes of adaptation, loosely divided into conformity and deviance. Finally, I identify key points of difference between their two theories of anomie. Emile Durkheim conceptualised the term anomie in The Division of Labour in Society (1893). In this treatise he discusses in detail the subject of social solidarity. Durkheim holds that all members within society are a product of society, bound together by societal bonds. Durkheim used the term anomie to describe lack of social cohesion or relative normlessness, where bonds break down or are undefined. (p.212) According to Durkheim this blurring of societal bonds causes members of society to become detached from societal regulatory constraints that govern and control their behaviour and aspirations, leaving them with no set guidelines within which to act or to aspire, resulting in anomie. Durkheim was a positivist; he was not interested in the study of individuals subjective meanings but aimed to identify and study different social facts. Many forces contributing to anomie can be measured only by their visible effects as some forces are invisible, like gravity. Durkheim studied the observable effects of invisible social forces. Anomie can be observed through effects such as societal disorganization and deregulation, leading to criminal and deviant behaviour but also social facts as personal as suicide (discussed below). Durkheim suggests that an anomic state is more likely to be present during periods of social unrest, perhaps caused by social changes like increases and decreases of economic prosperity, due to the disruption of traditional values (p.201) Durkheim believed that crime and deviance were socially constructed. Durkheim saw acts of crime and deviance as an integral part of society’s temporal transition; he suggested that a certain amount of crime and deviance is an essential component of the healthy functioning of society, and he suggested it reinforces society’s moral code and causes social solidarity, change and innovation. Although crime and deviance could threaten the stability of society, Durkheim suggests that a society without crime would also produce an anomic state. (p.226) In Durkheim’s treatise Division of Labour in Society (1893) he differentiated between two types of societies, characterised by their degree of social cohesion: mechanical solidarity, which has strong social cohesion, and organic solidarity, which has weak social cohesion. Durkheim suggested that society has evolved from a mechanical society, based on similarity, to an organic society, based on difference. (p.226) Mechanical societies describe the solidarity found in traditional societies; these societies existed before the modern industrial era. In mechanical societies communities were smaller, societal bonds were stronger; people shared collective norms and values which Durkheim described as collective consciousness. These societal bonds were reinforced by peoples shared religious beliefs. People in this society performed similar tasks and worked to achieve collective goals which benefited the whole group. In this type of society individuals were not as dependent on each other as later, organic, societies. In mechanical societies everyone was doing similar work and did not rely on others for their needs; they did, however, rely on society to function adequately as a whole: â€Å"In societies where this type of solidarity [mechanical] is highly developed, the individual is not his own master†¦. Solidarity is, literally something which the society possesses.† (Durkheim, ed Giddens, 1972, p.139) Durkheim suggests that anomie was less likely to exist in mechanical societies because of society’s strong cohesion. He states The state of anomie is impossible whenever interdependent organs are sufficiently in contact and sufficiently extensive. If they are close to each other, they are readily aware, in every situation, of the need which they have of one-another, and consequently they have an active and permanent feeling of mutual dependence. (Durkheim, 1893, p.184) The second type of solidarity, organic solidarity, Durkheim linked to complex modern industrial societies, suggesting that they are constituted, not by a repetition of similar, homogeneous segments, but by a system of different organs each of which has a special role, and which are themselves formed of differentiated parts. (p.181) In organic societies the division of labour increases and work tasks become more complex, specialised and individualised. The labour force is divided; therefore individuals are no longer working on similar tasks but segregated to individualised tasks. Members of organic societies are highly dependent on each other to produce what they need. Durkheim suggests that this functioning is similar to the functioning of the human body, all different parts working on specialized tasks to sustain the organism as a whole. However if the organ fails to function it causes the other parts of the organism that are reliant on that part to fail as well. This dependence is significant to the survival of society; healthy functioning of the society is based on the reliance of others. (Durkheim, 1893, p. 226) Organic societies differ from mechanical societies as they are based on differences in individual functions, rather than similarity. These differences can cause members to become detached from society which in turn causes misidentification with society. The breakdown of interpersonal bonds (without which individuals lack guidance and feel detached from society) thus produces anomie. Durkheim noted that Man is the more vulnerable to self-destruction the more he is detached from any collectively, that is to say, the more he lives as an egoist. (Durkheim, ed Giddens, 1972, p.113) This organic form of society, he suggested, was the cause of the decline of social cohesion and integration, and the creation of anomie (p.200). This is demonstrated by Taylor, in his publication Durkheim and the Study of Suicide (1982) Taylors interpretation of Durkheim suggests that suicide is present in modern organic societies because of the decline of social cohesion: Durkheim held that in modern society there were two principle causes of high (and rising) suicide rates: (egotistic) suicide was higher where individuals were not well integrated into collective social life; and (anomic) suicide was higher when societys norms and values were too weak to regulate individual desires and drives The relationship between levels of social integration and regulation and suicide rates demonstrated that society exerted an independent influence over the individual. In Durkheims terms, society was external to the individual, so much so that even such a supremely individual act as suicide had its roots in society. (p.21) Durkheim suggested that when social conditions change, the traditional norms and values needed for public consciousness no longer remain the same. An anomic detachment from societal restraints frees members of society from limits to their aspirations causing anomic suicide. (Durkheim, 1893, p. 203) Durkheim writes in Suicide (1897) that, â€Å"The limits are unknown between the possible and the impossible, what is just and what is unjust, legitimate claims and hopes and those which are immoderate. Consequently, there is no restraint upon aspirations.† (p.253) Robert Merton elaborated on Durkheims work on anomie; however, he did not always agree with Durkheim’s theory. Merton adapted the theory of anomie to a general sociological approach to crime and deviance. He considered that deviance was not caused by sudden social change, as suggested by Durkheim, but was, rather, a symptom of a constantly changing social structure. Merton was writing in America at a time when there was inequality between ethnic groups. Merton observed that not all individuals within society have an equal chance of success; he believed that inequality in society blocked people from attaining the means needed to achieve their goals. Many Americans were aiming to achieve â€Å"the American dream† and he was interested in how they pursued their goals, and whether or not dreams were equally attainable to everyone. (Merton, 1957, p.121) Like Durkheim, Merton held that crime and deviance were caused by society: â€Å"the functional analyst†¦ considers socially deviant behaviour just as much a product of social structure as conformist behaviour†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.121) but Mertons view of deviance is different to Durkheim’s. While Durkheim believed that identifying deviance is a demonstration of society’s norms, and a barometer of cohesion and change, Merton held that crime does not generate social solidarity or social progress and that crime and deviance demonstrate poor societal organization. Merton suggested that society does not evolve from mechanical to organic, but that society is constantly changing and generating new goals if not necessarily the means by which to achieve these goals. (p.121) Merton’s theory of anomie is not easily conceptualized in his writings, as he spoke about both anomie and strain towards anomie, which can be hard to distinguish. For clarity, I have discussed these as if they were two different concepts. Firstly, when Merton talked about anomie, his theory does not refer to the normless societal state identified by Durkheim. Merton suggested â€Å"no society lacks norms governing conduct. But societies do differ in degree to which [such] institutional controls are effectively integrated with the goals which stand high in the hierarchy of cultural values† (p.121) Merton’s theory suggests that there is no decline or undefined presence of societal norms governing behaviour but a disjunction â€Å"between valued cultural ends and legitimate societal means to those ends† (Akers, 2000, p.143). Merton’s anomie theory, like Durkheim’s, can be used as an explanation of deviant and criminal behaviour. Merton held that individual goals and aspirations are regulated by societal restraints unlike Durkheim, who suggested that the anomic state causes no limitation to members aspirations. Merton suggested these societal restraints put pressure on members of society to conform to societal norms. He held that an anomic state is caused by a de-institutionalization of societal norms. This occurs when society emphasizes culturally preferred goals and their achievement but does not emphasize the culturally approved means to achieve these goals: â€Å"any cultural goals which receive extreme and only negligibly qualified emphasis in the culture of a group will serve to attenuate the emphasis on institutionalized practices and make for anomie.† (Merton, 1968, p.235) This disjunction, Merton suggested, is the cause of macro-structural anomie. Mertons structural anomie theory is similar and compatible with what Durkheim suggested as both theories can be used to explain macro-level implica tions of anomie, but the development of the concept of strain allows the application of the concept of anomie to individual experience of society. (p.189) This micro-individual level of anomie, Merton suggested, is caused by strain, and an anomic societal state is needed for strain to occur. In turn, the strain experienced by individuals fosters anomie. Merton’s strain theory can also be used as an explanation of deviant behaviour: â€Å"cultural (or idiosyncratic) exaggeration of the success-goal leads men to withdraw emotional support from the rules† (p.190). Individuals are more likely to pursue illegitimate means to attaining culturally prescribed goals when they are blocked from accessing the institutionalized means to these goals: The social structure†¦ produces a strain toward anomie and deviant behaviour. The pressure of such a social order is outdoing ones competitors. So long as the sentiments supporting this competitive system†¦ are not confined to the final result of â€Å"success†, the choice of means will remain largely within†¦ social control. When, however, the cultural emphasis shifts from satisfaction deriving from competition itself to almost exclusive concern with the outcome, the resultant stress makes for the breakdown of the regulatory structure. (Merton, 1957, p157) Merton also suggested that â€Å"some individuals are subjected more than others to the strains arising from the discrepancy between cultural goals and effective access to their realization. They are consequently more vulnerable to deviant behaviour.† (p.235) Merton described those who are restricted by inequality. This can be used as an explanation of the suffragette movement: women prevented from achieving their goals were provoked into deviant acts of protest. Merton identified five types of response to societal pressure: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. (p.136) The first two modes accept, and the last three modes reject societal rules. Firstly, Merton described conformity which he considered the most common response to strain. It describes the process by which people strive to succeed using the most socially acceptable means they have available to them. This conformity to social values is cohesive of society according to both Merton and Durkheim. The second mode, ritualism, describes individuals who accept they have no opportunity to achieve their goals. These individuals maintain what they have but are discouraged from doing more: they don’t believe they can become more than what they are. In effect, they join the conformists. (p.200) However, not all people conform. The third mode is rebellion; this describes individuals who have rejected the idea that everyone can achieve success. These individuals have rebelled against the system and rejected socially acceptable means to achieve their goals. The fourth mode is retreatism which occurs when individuals choose to drop out of society, give up on their goals and make no effort to achieve because they see it as impossible. Merton suggested this response is associated with drug addicts and alcoholics. (p.267) The fifth mode is what Merton called innovation: innovation describes the process through which people conform to atypical forms of acquiring means; however, they also seek success that would be unachievable without taking advantage of illegal goals available to them. (p. 267)Each of these modes of adaptation demonstrates the individual’s response to societal strain arising from anomie; modes that accept societal pressures are not as likely to pursue illegitimate means. In conclusion, Durkheim suggested that anomie is caused by the undefined presence of social bonds. This undefined presence causes a decline of social cohesion therefore individuals become detached from society and recognise no limits to their behaviour. Durkheim also suggested that anomie is caused by the decline of social cohesion representative of today’s organic societies, and that mechanical societies found in pre-modern societies had a stronger degree of social integration, reducing the occurrence of anomie. However this view was not shared by Merton; he considered that there has been no time when society lacks norms. He held that the presence of societal norms and their pressure on society and individuals causes anomie and strain towards anomie. Durkheim and Merton also differ on when anomie occurs. Durkheim suggested that anomie is present during periods of social change due to the disruption of traditional bonds. However, Merton disagrees as he believes that anomie can be found in relatively stable societies. For Merton transition was not from one specific type of social structure to another but a constant state of flux, with changing goals. Both Durkheim and Merton agree that crime and deviance are consequences of anomie. However, they differed on whether crime has value to society Durkheim held that some crime and deviance is a product of a normal functioning society, reinforcing solidarity and encouraging social progress, while Merton suggested that crime and deviance demonstrates societal disorganisation. Durkheim and Merton’s theories differ most strongly on what constitutes the causes of anomie. Durkheim looks at anomie from a structural perspective, whereas Merton looks at the causes of anomie from both a macro and micro level, giving the theory a more detailed explanation. Merton looks in detail at the individual’s response to societal strain not discussed intensively in Durkheim, as his positivist ontology did not consider individuals internal motives and drives unless they had objective effects. For Durkheim anomie is the effect of the breakdown of societal bonds; for Merton, strain is a mechanism of anomie and can occur during anomic societal states: strain towards anomie describes the individual’s battle to obtain the necessary means needed to achieve their goals. Durkheim suggested that during an anomic state individual aspirations are not limited because of the undefined presence of societal norms; without these norms, he suggested, members of society are deluded as to what is realistically achievable (Durkheim, 1897, p.253). Mertons theory, on the other hand, offers an explanation for why social forces influence some people to commit deviant and criminal acts and why some individuals conform to societal pressures and why some do not. Bibliography Akers, R. (2000) Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Durkheim, E. (1893) The Division of Labor in Society, tr. W. D. Halls, (1984) New York: Free Press. Giddens, A. (1972) Emile Durkheim Selected Writings. London: Cambridge University Press Merton, R.K. (1957) Social Theory and Social Structure. 2ed ed. New York: The Free Press. Taylor. S. (1982) Durkheim and the Study of Suicide. London: The Macmillan Press. Thompson, K. (1982) Emile Durkheim. London: Tavistock Publications.

Promote good practice in the support of individuals Essay

1. Understand how the different and evolving theories about autism reflect the complexity of autistic spectrum conditions Autism is a lifelong developmental disability that affects how a person communicates with, and relates to, other people. It also affects how they make sense of the world around them. It is a spectrum condition, which means that, while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition will affect them in different ways. Some people with autism are able to live relatively independent lives but others may have accompanying learning disabilities and need a lifetime of specialist support. People with autism may also experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colours. Asperger syndrome is a form of autism. People with Asperger syndrome are often of average or above average intelligence. They have fewer problems with speech but may still have difficulties with understanding and processing language. Some people live with autism for their entire life without ever getting a formal diagnosis. Often this is simply because autism wasn’t widely known or understood when they were growing up. For adults, a diagnosis of autism can help to explain why they have always found certain things difficult. For children, it can mean that the right support is put in place from an early age. Autism has been described as a ‘hidden’ or ‘invisible’ disability. Although historically associated with intellectual disability, it is now thought that most people with ASC will be within the normal range of IQ. Whatever the label used, the complexity of the autistic spectrum often renders it easier to misunderstand than it is to recognise. These difficulties, which can make access to services problematic, are further complicated by the generic nature of many service s and the fragmented way they view and respond to ASC. As a setting we deal with many CYP with ASC, we accommodate these CYP as due to the high level of violence and behaviour difficulties they display ASC units or Schools for CYP with Specific Learning Difficulties cannot or will not accommodate them. We support our CYP on the ASD spectrum and Asperger’s syndrome to help them achieve their full potential. This is because we have a very highly experienced and motivated team. As a staff team we have  outside agencies such as the National Autistic Society and NEAS. We also have involvement from the local authority learning support staff that has worked closely with the CYP with autistic spectrum condition prior to them coming to us, these then come into our setting to give us the big picture on these CYP coming to our setting. These support staff are able to give us a clear picture of the needs and the history of these CYP before they reach our setting. This enables us the meet there needs, and make the transition from others schools and settings run smoothly. We also visit the CYP in their own environment as this gives them an opportunity to meet us in a setting in which they know and feel comfortable in. One of the most important points to understand about autistic spectru m conditions is that each CYP on the autism spectrum is an individual with their own unique characteristics. CYP with autistic spectrum conditions vary enormously in their abilities, needs, strengths, gifts, preferences and interests. No two individuals with a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum condition are the same, so it is essential not to make any assumptions about them. Autistic assignment causes and theories. Many causes of autism have been proposed, but understanding of the theory of causation of autism and the other autism spectrum disorders is incomplete. The heritability of autism is complex and it is typically unclear which genes are responsible. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. Many other causes have been proposed, such as childhood immunizations, but numerous clinical studies have shown no scientific evidence supporting any link between vaccinations and autism. Autism spectrum conditions are present from birth or very early in life. They include childhood autism, Asperger’s syndrome, a typical autism and PDD unspecified. In practice many of these conditions may overlap with other disorders such as ADHD and affecting more boys than girls. Within my setting most CYP on the ASC spectrum have other conditions many quite complex. Other conditions are such as ADHD, ODD, conduct disorder, speech and language difficulties and Tourette’s syndrome. In practice although the prevalence in girls is said to be underestimated, these conditions are characterised by significant impairments in instinctive social behaviour, communication and a  restricted or repetitive repertoire of behaviours and interests. These ‘core’ features will affect the person’s ability to anticipate the thoughts and actions of others and predict day-to-day outcomes on the basis of normally occurring social cues. This lack of ability to anticipate and predict leads to high levels of stress within our CYP and they have difficulties in relating to others. Such difficulties may be accompanied by other neurological or psychiatric conditions that impact on behaviour and functioning and also on access to services and support. Such conditions include, disorders affecting sensory processing, anxiety, depression and mood, seizures and other medical problems. Autism has a range of diagnostic criteria. This was described by Wing and Gould (1979) as the Triad of Impairments. The triad consists of: Problems with social interactions Difficulties understanding and using non-verbal communications Stands to close to people Unaware of different ways to interact with people Difficulties initiating and maintaining conversations Inappropriate touching Problems with communication Asks repetitive questions. Absence of a desire to communicate. Communicates for own needs, rather than social engagement Own interest based. May be non-verbal, or delayed speech. Problems with imagination Does not understand other people’s thoughts or feelings – lack of Theory of Mind Does not like change in routines. Special or focussed interests. Literal thinking. In additional to the three areas of the triad there are also associated difficulties. These include: Sensory difficulties This may include hypersensitivities (over-sensitive) or hypersensitivities (under-sensitive). Mood disturbances – linked to the triad: Anxiety Aggression Depression As there is an array of criteria within the impairments and associated difficulties the disorder is considered a spectrum condition. For individuals considered on the â€Å"higher† end of the spectrum the individual may have better, learnt social communication and interaction skills, whereas those on the â€Å"lower† end of the spectrum may have significantly delayed communication skills, including a lack of language. As discussed above, sensory and perceptual difficulties are highly common amongst individuals with ASC. These include both hyper- and hypo-sensitivities. See table 1.1 2 .Be able to promote to others positive communication strategies for individuals with an autistic spectrum condition. Autism is a varied and complex disorder which can affect individuals in a number of ways. ASC affects not only the individual with the diagnosis, but their whole family – parents, siblings and others close to them. Below are examples of how ASC can affect different people: Individual diagnosed with ASC. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Condition’s lives are affected by a wide range of factors including: difficulties with communication, social interactions, sensory difficulties, flexibility. This impacts significantly on everyday functioning, whereby an individual may not be able to communicate their needs effectively, may have difficulty in social situations, may find everyday sensory input distressing , and changes in everyday life difficult to deal with, which then increases there anxiety level. As a setting we set out an action plan directed to every CYP’s individual needs, both in the school setting and residential setting. Each class/staff team have a copy of the plan and this helps us to deal with the individual needs of each CYP. This enables us to prevent the CYP getting too anxious or distressed in situations. In the case of one of our CYP with communication difficulties, and also has autistic spectrum condition the action plan is a key concept in the day to day education and understanding for the young person involved, and also professionals and peers . If the CYP  is not understood because of language barriers he becomes extremely frustrated and this has a detrimental effect on his behaviour. He will then display very disruptive and dangerous behaviour. We also use things like feelings cards so that the individual can express how they feel, rather than them get frustrated or get to a point and then become anxious. When looking at how an individual on the autism spectrum are impacted within their lives it is important to look at the impact of factors such as gender, ethnicity, social, cultural and religious influences. For example, those from an Indian culture are very nurturing with family members with disabilities and autism. This means that the individuals’ need are met however there is not necessarily any progression or development. In another example, those from an Orthodox Jewish religious background can feel that having a person with autism in the family is shameful and as a result the individual is â€Å"hidden† from the wider community, this results in a lack of development with the individual with ASC. What further compounds difficulties for those with ASC are stereotyped views, discrimination and lack of understanding about the autism spectrum condition. The media play a major role in promoting these misunderstandings. For example: There is a misunderstanding around the challenging behaviour associated with autism due to the communication and sensory difficulties in autism. In younger children it is often just seen as â€Å"bad behaviour† which should be â€Å"controlled† by the parents and the underlying causes are not fully understood. Due to the Film ‘Rain Man’ featuring Dustin Hoffman as an autistic man, many people who have seen the film have the perception that he is a typical person on the autism spectrum and that this is a true reflection. Although Dustin Hoffman’s character does have autism he also has savant syndrome which does not necessarily come hand-in-hand with autism (although 50% of savants also have ASC). Parents of individuals on the autism spectrum have their lives highly impacted upon due to their CYP’s condition, to ensure that a high level of observation is maintained to ensure their child’s safety, which can put huge strain and demand on them. Siblings of those with ASC can also be affected in their everyday lives due to the need of their siblings. Due to parents having to â€Å"focus† on the sibling with ASC, siblings can often feel jealous or â€Å"left out† due to not having much attention. They may also feel  restricted due to the changes required to meet the needs of their ASC sibling. Others close to those on the autism spectrum can have their everyday lives affected due to the changes required for the individual with ASC. This may be aunts and uncles or grandparents, whom try to give parents a break by looking after the CYP with autism or giving time and attention to siblings of the affected CYP. * Focus on children – there is an over emphasis on children on the autism spectrum leading to a belief that the condition is child orientated and not a life-long disorder. This disadvantages those adults on the spectrum due to a lack of general understanding or awareness of the condition in adults on the autism spectrum. In supporting understanding about the condition, it is important to ensure that all involved are aware and understand the autism spectrum condition. It is important to assess the level of comprehension and cognition of the individual with ASC and then focus the information sharing about ASC at individuals’ level of understanding. It is important to ensure that parents, carers and siblings are well informed about their children’s/sibling’s condition. After any review meeting or 6 weekly reviews we inform parents and carers of any progress made or any extra support that needs to be put in to place for our CYP. This is in order to ensure that they are aware of the support needs and intervention strategies to help develop an ASC individual. Further, it is very important to ensure that if an individual with ASC is within a care setting to keep parents and family informed of development so they can support this. Without the ongoing knowledge of the CYP’s progression they will still view their child as being at the same stage of development as they were when they went into the residential setting and as such not be able to support the ongoing development. 654 ~/

Does The Power Of Kill A Mockingbird - 765 Words

Does Mayella Have Power in â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird.† In 1930’s Maycomb Alabama, a young woman is stirring up a sleepy town by accusing an African American man of rape. Mayella Ewell, a poor white woman has wrongly accused Tom Robinson of sexually assaulting her in her own home. Her testimony, as well as her fathers’, have gaping holes in them. Their stories do not coincide, and it is even implied that Mayella’s father may have been sexually abusing her.(DBQ Mayella page 15 Chapters 18 and 20) The lack of sufficient evidence and Tom Robinson’s claim that Mayella had made advances toward him should have been enough for the jury to find Tom not guilty, but unfortunately, that was not the case. Instead, the jury believed Mayella’s deceitful testimony, and Tom was sent to jail, which ultimately led to his death. Mayella used her position in society to manipulate the court, and dispose of the only evidence of her mistake. Mayella Ewell is powerful as defined by class, gender, and especially race. Jim Crow Laws were a way of life during the early 1900’s in America. It affected both African Americans and whites, setting rules and restrictions for everyday life and interaction between the races. One of these restrictions stated that â€Å"Any white woman who shall suffer or permit herself to be got with child by a negro or mulatto...shall be sentenced to penitentiary for not less than eighteen months.†(DBQ Mayella page 7) Even though Mayella was not with child, if it was found out thatShow MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Societal Structure Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee explores the consequences of a societal structure founded on bigotry, racism, prejudice, and the hunger for power. Lee employs a variety of literary techniques to portray the consequences of Maycomb’s errant societal structure or even social hierarchy. 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